How to Use Indirect Quotations in Writing

In writing, an indirect quotation is a  paraphrase of someone elses words: It  reports on what a person said without using the exact words of the speaker. Its also called indirect discourse and  indirect speech. An indirect quotation (unlike a direct quotation) is not placed in quotation marks. For example: Dr. King said that he had a dream. The combination of a direct quotation and an indirect quotation is called a mixed quotation. For example:  King  melodiously praised the veterans of  creative suffering, urging them to continue the struggle. Examples and Observations Note: In the following quoted examples, we would normally use quotation marks because we are giving you examples and observations of indirect quotes from newspapers and books that we are directly quoting. To avoid confusion in addressing the subject of indirect quotes and also situations where you would be shifting between direct and indirect quotes, we have decided to forgo the extra quotation marks. It was Jean Shepherd, I believe, who said that after three weeks in chemistry he was six months behind the class.(Baker, Russell. The Cruelest Month. New York Times, Sept. 21, 1980.) U.S. Navy Admiral William Fallon, commander of the U.S. Pacific Command said he called Chinese counterparts to discuss North Koreas missile tests, for example, and got a written response that said, in essence, Thanks, but no thanks.(Scott, Alwyn. U.S. May Slap China With Suit in Intellectual-Property Dispute. The Seattle Times, July 10, 2006.) In his order yesterday, Judge Sand said, in effect, that if the city was willing to offer incentives to developers of luxury housing, commercial centers, shopping malls, and executive parks, it should also be assisting housing for minority group members.(Feron, James. Citing Bias Order, U.S. Curbs Yonkers on Aid to Builders. The New York Times, Nov. 20, 1987.) Advantages of Indirect Quotations Indirect discourse is an excellent way to say what someone said and avoid the matter of verbatim quoting altogether. It is hard to be uncomfortable with indirect discourse. If a quote is something like Ill be there prepared for anything, at the first hint of dawn, and you think, for any reason, that it might not be in the verbatim zone, get rid of the quotation marks and state it in indirect discourse (improving the logic while youre at it). She said she would be there at the first hint of dawn, prepared for anything. (McPhee, John. Elicitation. The New Yorker, April 7, 2014.) Shifting From Direct to Indirect Quotations An indirect quotation reports someones words without quoting word for word: Annabelle said that she is a Virgo. A direct quotation presents the exact words of a speaker or writer, set off with quotation marks: Annabelle said, I am a Virgo. Unannounced shifts from indirect to direct quotations are distracting and confusing, especially when the writer fails to insert the necessary quotation marks. (Hacker, Diane. The Bedford Handbook, 6th ed., Bedford/St. Martins, 2002.) Mixed Quotation There are many reasons why we might opt to mixed quote another rather than directly or indirectly quote him. We often mixed quote another because (i) the reported utterance is too long to directly quote, but the reporter wants to ensure accuracy on certain key passages, (ii) certain passages in the original utterance were particularly well put ..., (iii) perhaps the words used by the original speaker were (potentially) offensive to an audience and the speaker wants to distance himself from them by indicating that they are the words of the individual being reported and not his own ..., and (iv) the expressions being mixed quoted might be ungrammatical or a solecism and the speaker might be trying to indicate that hes not responsible . ...(Johnson, Michael and Ernie Lepore. Misrepresenting Misrepresentation, Understanding Quotation, ed. by Elke Brendel, Jorg Meibauer, and Markus Steinbach, Walter de Gruyter, 2011.) The Writers Role In indirect speech, the reporter is free to introduce information about the reported speech event from his point of view and on the basis of his knowledge about the world, as he does not purport to give the actual words that were uttered by the original speaker(s) or that his report is restricted to what was actually said. Indirect speech is the speech of the reporter, its pivot is in the speech situation of the report.(Coulmas, Florian. Direct and Indirect Speech, Mouton de Gruyter, 1986.)

The English Bill Of Rights - 851 Words

The idea that humans inherently possess a set of inalienable rights is a concept that originated centuries ago and has since been evolving. From the signing of the Magna Carta to present day lobbyist fighting for LGBT communities, we can see how this concept is deeply engraved in daily actions and laws worldwide. However, the way these rights are interrupted and enforced have been the topic of many on going debates. Dating back to the late 1600s, society has continuously drafted new documents advocating for rights and liberties. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 is one of those initial documents. The bill consisted of basic rights such as freedom of speech, freedom to bear arms and freedom from cruel and unusual punishments. However, all of the rights stated in the bill were not a break from tradition. The articles within the bill were merely a restatement of England’s common law that had been in practice for decades. The bill lacked to take a new approach on the concept of liberty and rights. The English Bill of Right however managed to influence the Americas and before long they drafted their own version. The US constitution, signed in the late 1700s shows a strong resemblance. The amendments under the constitution include some of the same rights listed in The English Bill of Rights. Fortunately, as time continued to pass peoples attitudes toward rights and liberties started to evolve. Suddenly England became dominated by a philosophical way of thinking. EnglandShow MoreRelatedThe Magna Carta And The English Bill Of Rights1851 Words   |  8 Pagesthe English Bill of Rights was created to ensure the rights of a subject. The Bill of Rights gave the people of England a voice, the King and Queen had to rule with the consent of the people. They needed to have the consent of the people to suspend any laws, get rid of taxes, and maintain armies. The King and Queen couldn’t get in the way of elections or any other debates, the people had the right to petition government and have a speedy/fast trial. (who or what influenced the English Bill of RightsRead MoreThe Magna Carta, English Bill Of Rights, And Philosophers1459 Words   |  6 Pageshelp you learn about our ancestor’s origins and cultures. In English Political Heritage there were many important events, but the influence of the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, and Philosophers were the most important. The Magna Carta was signed in 1215 by King John of England. The Magna Carta limited the power of the king, meaning he was no longer above the law and had to follow the law. The citizens also gained some new rights, including they can’t be charged for any crimes without a formRead MoreThe English Bill of Rights: The Role Change for the Monarchy Essay836 Words   |  4 Pages After William and Mary became the rulers of England, the parliament felt a need to limit the power of the crown. For this, they created The Deceleration of Rights, later known as the Bill of Rights. The English Bill of Rights changed the lives of the people of England and changed the role of citizens in Monarchy. The English Bill of Rights changed the role of citizens in Monarchy by assuring that citizens may petition the King without receiving any punishments, allowing them have the freedom ofRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between English Bill of Rights and the Declaration Rights of Man and Citize n1900 Words   |  8 PagesSimilarities and differences between English bill of rights and the declaration rights of man and citizen Bryan. W Mr. Roberts The English bill of rights and the declaration rights of man and citizen are two of the most influential documents ever written between 1600-1800; those documents greatly affect the rights and freedom that everyone was born with today, it also greatly affects the US constitution about how they govern their country how they think about government. The two documents haveRead MoreThe Second Amendment Gets From The 1689 English Bill Of Rights1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe Eighth Amendment gets from the 1689 English Bill of Rights, redacted in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and recommended by the Virginia favoring custom. The Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause seems to show an earlier right to safeguard. Really, truant significant conditions, American courts have reliably expected that each respondent has a benefit to flexibility pending trial by paying of bail. As a rule, the courts have been conscious to legitimate exclusions to the other side to bail. CarlsonRead MoreSummarize and compare and contrast the English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the 3rd Estate and Common Sense.1484 Words   |  6 PagesThe English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris and Common Sense were all written during a time of revolution in their respective countries. Although all three political writings originated in a different country, they each share several important similarities. Each document also addressed specific issues, which the others did not. The English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris and Common Sense all served as a bridge between their countriesRead MoreEssay On The Tipping Point Of The American Revolution744 Words   |  3 Pagespeople believe the Boston Massacre was the tipping point of the revolution because blood was shed, the tipping point was actually the Tea Act because King George III was forcing the Colonists to buy British Tea, the Tea Act violated the 1689 English Bill of Rights, and the Tea Act led directly to the Boston Tea Party. The Tea Act was the tipping point of the revolution because King George III forced the Colonists to buy British Tea from the East India Company. The East India Company was losing moneyRead MoreBill Of Rights Of The Individual Citizen1486 Words   |  6 PagesAdrianne Jauregui Homework Assig. #1 12/01/2014 Bill of Rights The protection and civil rights for the individual citizen is documented as the Bill of Rights. Today, the two most important of are The English Bill of Rights of 1689 and The United States Bill of Rights of 1791. These two have the many of the same overlapping principles including, limiting the powers of the government and to providing people with individual liberties. Although they are both fundamental documents, both countriesRead MoreImportance Of The Bill Of Rights730 Words   |  3 PagesThe first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights they include the many freedoms people have fought for to live in peace and without as many restrictions in their life. Passed by Congress September 25, 1789 and later ratified in December 15, 1791. The first ten amendments are solely based on basic freedoms. Varying from speech, trial by jury, and living without soldiers in their own homes. Written by the great James Madison, he wrote after states were pushing for the protection of ind ividualRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Glorious Revolution622 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the Renaissance, Europe was charged with a new spirit of inquiry. 2 English monarchy The Glorious Revolution 1 Charles II King Charles II, like his executed father, found Parliament troublesome and tried to rule without it. 2 James II and the idea of the divine right of kings – Kings would only receive power from God, and were answerable to God. 3 Who: William of Orange English Protestant leaders wanted to force James ll from power and give the throne to

Explain his aim in each poem and how he achieves it Essay Example For Students

Explain his aim in each poem and how he achieves it Essay Seamus Heaneys poem Digging and Death of a Naturalist represents the poets past. Digging covers themes of family traditions and how he feels about breaking this tradition of digging, whereas Death of a Naturalist looks at his childhood past, exploring innocence and pleasure of childhood activities and comparing it to the seriousness of growing up. His aim is to explore his past, thinking about his family, environment and childhood. He achieves this through analysing events through memories, personal feelings, imagery, use of senses and many literacy devices such as onomatopoeia, alliteration and rhyme patterns. In Digging Heaney is thinking about his family traditions of the past. He has broken this tradition by becoming a writer and perhaps feels a little guilty about that. But Ive no spade to follow men like them. While writing we hear his fathers spade which makes him think of the past. He thinks of how skilled his father was and how he did it for a living, planting potatoes. However in Death of a Naturalist Heaney is thinking about his childhood past; collecting frogspawn from the flaxdam and how he had been fascinated in watching them develop from tadpoles to frogs. He relishes these child-like activities in the first stanza but in the second, there is a sense of time passing; a loss of innocence, when he feels the toads want to seek revenge on him. There is a sense of environment in both poems. In Digging his memory takes him back to the potato fields where his father and grandfather planted and dug up potatoes for a living. He remembers working with them as a child and appreciated that they were skilled men who had acquired precise and accurate techniques when digging up potatoes. He uses a colloquial expression when he writes By God the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. He enjoyed helping them too, Loving their cool hardness in our hands. Heaneys mind goes further back when he thinks of his grandfather digging peat, which kept the family warm. He contrasts the way his grandfather carried his milk sloppily to how he cut more turf in a day. Than any other man In Death of a Naturalist the environment is where Heaney collected his frogspawn. He describes this setting in such a descriptive way that the reader can almost smell and feel the heat of the day. He uses adjectives such as festered and sweltered for this affect. Heaney uses these sound effects in his poems to stimulate the readers imagination. In Digging we hear the clean rasping sound of the spade. Nicking and Slicing the peat gives us a sense of the activity. Not only do we hear the sounds, we are also aware of the smells, the cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap of soggy peats. We can imagine the act of digging up the potatoes in a cold, soggy atmosphere. Heaney also uses battle images in his poems to create an effect. In Digging the squat pen rests; snug as a gun is a simile which might suggest that the pen can fire out words to describe life in general, reflection of the past. There is a repetition at the end of the poem which implies he uses his pen to dig up ideas rather than using a spade. Battle images also occur in the Death of a Naturalist, in the second stanza where there is a change of tone; the innocence of his childhood is lost as he returns to the dam. The frogs are now seen as obscene threats poised like mud grenades, their blunt heads farting. There seems to be a huge fear overwhelming Heaney as he sees them in a different light. Sounds echo his fear with alliteration coarse croaking. He also uses onomatopoeia for example slap and plop of their bodies jumping. .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc , .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .postImageUrl , .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc , .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:hover , .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:visited , .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:active { border:0!important; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:active , .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3ad104ef1b6e0a30b82eb89ddd581dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Suicide Note by Janice Mirikitani EssayIn Death of a Naturalist Heaneys child-like innocence seems to have disappeared as he sickens and believes that they are taking vengeance on him. The poem seems to turn into a horror scene, where he believes his hand would be grabbed by them if he were to take the spawn. In conclusion, I feel that both of these poems reflect on Heaneys memories of the past. Digging suggests that he regards his family traditions as something to be proud of, but feels that he was unable to continue due to a changing world and education. On the other hand in Death of a Naturalist he looks at growing up; the passing of innocence to a world of reality, where life is not so straightforward. His ideal world of nature, instead of being exciting and fascinating, is now threatening. He is growing up and experiencing the darker sides to life.

Why Is Strong Argumentative Essay Outline Important

Why Is Strong Argumentative Essay Outline Important Argumentative essay is defined as a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate the given topic, collect information, generate and evaluate evidence, in a bid to establish a position on the subject in a concise fashion. It’s the type of work where you have to develop an argument based on evidence and elaborate the stand you take. You may love or loathe writing these essays, but you can’t avoid them. There’ll come the time when you are supposed to write a high-quality argumentative essay to show your understanding of some particular essay topic, but you shouldn’t feel nervous. Successful completion of the essay depends on your ability to create the essay outline correctly. Not sure how to do it? Don’t despair; this post will show you how easy it can be! Structuring the argumentative essay outline Although it might seem complicated to you now, once you learn how to structure the argumentative essay outline correctly, it’ll become easier. Your work is comprised of different parts with equally important value. These parts or sections have a role in presenting the topic, developing the argument, presenting evidence, and so on. That said, main parts of the argumentative essay are: Introduction Developing the argument Debunking opponents’ arguments Conclusion If you think this structure is vague, don’t worry. Every section is thoroughly explained below. Section 1: Introduction Just like in any other form of writing, the introduction is where you create the foundation or a basis to build the rest of your work upon. If the intro isn’t structured very well, then the rest of the essay will suffer too. An argumentative essay should start with an introduction comprised of the hook, background info, and  thesis. Hook The hook is the first sentence (or two) of your work, and its primary purpose is to catch the reader’s attention, hence the name. When a professor, client, or some other person starts reading the essay, its beginning determines whether they’ll continue reading it or not. Let’s say you’re about to read something, would you continue reading that piece if the beginning were dull and boring? The answer would be no. Hooks aren’t limited to essays only; they are present in all types of writing, which is why you’re highly likely to click on links with the catchy sentence under the headline. Here are a few tips you can use to form the hook: Use a quote from famous people, scientists, writers, artists, etc. Anecdote can also be a good way of grabbing someone’s attention Pose a question Set a scene that reader can relate to Include an interesting fact or definition Reveal a common misconception Background information After creating the hook, you proceed to provide some useful background information about the subject. To make things easier for you, this part of the introduction should answer these questions: What is the issue you’re going to discuss? Who cares about the topic? Where is the subject or issue prevalent? Why is the subject or some issue you’re about to discuss importantly? Thesis The thesis statement is the last sentence (or two) that contains the focus of your essay and informs the reader what the essay is going to be about. Your thesis is more than a general statement about the idea or issue that you’re going to elaborate in the essay; it has to establish a clear position you are going to take throughout your argument on a given topic. Since this is the last part of the introduction and your opportunity to introduce the reader to the subject and your position, you have to ensure it is structured correctly. Your thesis should be: Unified Concise Specific Clear, easily recognizable The thesis should match the requirements and goals of the assignment, but you have to be careful and avoid making some common mistakes. For example: Thesis is not a title It is not a statement of the absolute fact Thesis is not an announcement of the subject It’s not the whole essay, but the main idea you’ll discuss Section 2: Developing the argument Now that your introduction is well-crafted you’re about to proceeding to the second part of the argumentative essay. In this section, you have to develop the argument using claims and evidence to support them. Claim When structuring the argumentative essay outline, you should pay special attention to claims. A claim is the central argument of an essay, and it poses as one of the most important parts of academic papers. In fact, the effectiveness, complexity, and the overall quality of the paper depend on the claims you make. The primary purpose of claim in essay writing is to define paper’s goals, direction, scope, and support the argument. Making claims is easy, but the question is: who’s going to believe in them? That’s why the second section of the argumentative essay is invalid without the evidence. Evidence Every claim you make throughout the essay has to be supported by evidence. You have to prove to the reader that claims you make are valid and accurate, the only way to do so is to incorporate reliable, trustworthy evidence based on facts, studies, statistics, and so on. It’s important to bear in mind that evidence is not anecdote or personal knowledge you just happen to possess on a given subject. The evidence is the result of a thorough research on the topic. Once you create the essay outline, you’ll get the idea of claims you’re going to make, then start researching to find enough evidence to support them. Research is one of the most crucial aspects of essay writing, besides giving you material to support your claims it also aims to help you debunk opponents’ arguments. Section 3: Debunking opponents’ arguments What most people forget about argumentative essay writing is that you can’t spend the entire time talking about your arguments and piling on evidence one after another. The argumentative essay isn’t about proving you’re right in many different ways. Where’s the argument in that? After making your claims, elaborating them with evidence, you are ready to move on to the third section of the outline where you’ll name the opposing arguments and debunk them. Regardless of the topic, you have (or choose) and the stand you take, there’s always the opposite side. State the opponents’ views and use the evidence, reliable sources to debunk or refute them. Just like with the previous section, for every opposing argument, you also have to elaborate why it’s wrong and support it with evidence. This way, your reader is more convinced that claims you made are, indeed, correct. The importance of this section is in the fact it shows two sides of the coin while still giving you the opportunity to elaborate why you’re right. Plus, it is considered unethical to exclude arguments that aren’t supportive of the thesis or claims you made. Instead of using â€Å"he said, she said† writing in this section when naming opposing views, you should do it in the formal fashion, with references, reliable sources, and other relevant info, before proceeding to refute them. Section 4: Conclusion At this point, your essay is almost over. The introduction is well-structured, you’ve elaborated your claims with evidence as well as opponents’ arguments (with proof of course), and you’re ready to conclude the essay. Unfortunately, the power of well-written conclusion is underestimated in essay writing, but the wrong conclusion can ruin your entire work. This is something you don’t want to happen, right? Your conclusion should be comprised of three different parts: Restates the primary premise/argument Presents one or two general sentences which accurately summarize your argument or stated premise Provides a general warning of the consequences that could happen if the argument or premise isn’t followed or reporting potential benefits to the society or community if your argument or solution proposed is implemented The conclusion should be about the same length of the introduction; it works best when it’s short, concise, and precise. Avoid wordiness or discussing the same issue again because the reader might assume your work is repetitive. Stick to the point, and you’ll have a strong conclusion that only adds to the overall quality of your essay. Stuck on Your Argumentative Essay Outline? Check out these example persuasive essays. Yes! Show me examples Tips for writing argumentative essay Here are some tips that will make the essay writing process easier: Make sure you understand the title before creating the outline Create a plan Research Don’t make up information, statistics or other data just to prove the point Include every source you use in the reference section Be concise Avoid writing complex sentences Read, edit, and submit [short_code_type_8] Bottom line Argumentative essay isn’t as complicated to write as it sounds, all you have to do is to follow the simple outline provided above. The primary idea behind this kind of essay writing is presenting and developing an argument using solid evidence to back up your point of view. It’s a marvelous opportunity to show the vast knowledge about the subject and demonstrate writing skills. You don’t have to wait for the assignment, choose the topic you care about and start practicing.