Prevention Strategies for Escherichia Coli

Prevention Strategies for Escherichia Colia) As the snack victuals for thought for thought is made from meat, in that respect argon four types of bacterium that will possibly contaminate it which are Escherichia.coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus,and Listeria monocytogenes (FSIS, 2015).Escherichia.coli is a bacteriuml that is usually present in the intestines of humans and animals. Although, nearly of them are harmless as they play an important role in the intestinal tract of a healthy individual. However, thither are a a couple of(prenominal) of them that are pathogenic as they sens result in diarrhea and can be transmitted through the contact of human or animalfaeces. Altogether, there are sixpathotypes that are linked with diarrhea which are as follows Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia.coli (STEC), Enterotoxigenic Escherichia.coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic Escherichia.coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative Escherichia.coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive Escherichia.coli (EIEC), Diff usely adherentEscherichia.coli (DAEC) (CDC, 2015).However, the Escherichia.coliO157 strain, which is classified under Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia.coli (STEC), is considered the most harmful as it causes bloody diarrhea, kidney ruin and can result indeath (Anon., 2015).It infects its host by producing large amounts of Shiga toxins that damages the intestinal lining severely to cause Hemorrhagic Colitis or otherwise cognize as bloody diarrhea. It can too cause Hemolytic uremic syndrome which results in kidney injury (Koo, 2014).Salmonellais a common bacterial that usually cause food insobriety which targets the stomach and intestines. It is normally present in meat, eggs, un elegant milk and poultry (Bech, 2014).The symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, fever, stomach cramps, and vomiting which usually last for 4 to 7 days. The incubation period is between 12 and 72 hours upon transmission establishment (England, 2014).However, one must consume Salmonella contaminated food in ord er to cause infection (FSIS, 2015).Staphylococcus aureusis a common bacteria found on the skin, nasal passages, throats and h form of healthy individuals.Staphylococcalfood contamination can materialize when a person who is septic with the bacteria handles the steakwithout fitting sanitary handling procedures. Other possible sources of meat contamination of Staphylococcus aureus can also take do such as the surfaces and equipment that the meat is prepared on (Anon., 2015).Staphylococcal food poisoning happens when an individual ingest the enterotoxins that are produced in the contaminated meat, often due to the improper oestrus up of the meat to kill off most of the bacteria (USFDA, 2014).Listeria monocytogenesis a bacterium that is usually found in soil, water, uncooked and processed meat, cooked or processed food, smoked salmon, vegetables and dairy products (CDC, 2013).Ingestion of food contaminated with this bacterium can cause Listeriosis which is a serious infection (CDC, 2013).AlthoughListeria monocytogenescan be killed by proper cooking, the bacteria can still contaminate the cooked meat due to physical hazards such as poor food handling practices and sanitation (FSIS, 2015).A nonher strength food synthetic rubber hazard that I have identify is the use of herbs and spices to marinate the steak. Herbs come from plants and spices are from seeds, bark or roots of plants (Ward, 2010).Because they are from plants, which contains spore-producing bacteria, this indicates that the bacteria spores is capable of further contaminating raw meat which is in contact with soil and vegetative origin.This would introduce additional microbiological hazards such as Bacillus spp. and spore forming organisms which are able to survive the drying process and take place to germinate to produce toxins.During the process of handling with this arid snack food, there should be a food ripety management system such as The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system. This system is used worldwide by all food businessesto identify and control microbiology activity as well as physical and chemical hazards that superpower be present during production. It consists of seven principles that govern and maintain food hygiene procedures (ASQ nourishment, 2014).Therefore, I would advise her to take note of the possible food safety hazards that have been mentioned and the procedures of manufacturing this dried snack food has to be in entry to the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system.b) There are several information that I would like to know as to assist the businesswoman in preparing the dried snack food safely for consumers. The following are the information requiredWhere was the meat from?Normally, the cattle are raised till maturity in a farm where they are given formulated food. During cattle raising, the cattle are injected with antibiotic drugs to prevent diseases. In order to slaughter the cattle legally, a insula tion period is needed from the period the antibiotics is given. This is to give sufficient amount of time for the antibiotic residues to be released from the cattle.The joined States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and oversight Service (FSIS) would conduct sample testing for antibiotic residues upon slaughtering. Results have shown that the percentages of residue violations are very low and there are no traceable antibiotic residues present in the tissues of the cattle (FSA, 2015).There are several factors that have to be taken into consideration such as the conditions of the farms that the cattle are aliment and the food that they consume. For example, improper drainage of faeces, design of feeders and drinkers can contribute to the accumulation of bacterial contamination in the farm which leads to the dirty cattle. The cattle are accordingly infected with diseases such as pneumonia, coccidiosis and salmonellosis. Thus, it is important to have a healthy livestock of catt le to avoid all these problems.There are two factors that can contribute to the contamination of meat production chain such as direct and indirect contact of contamination. Direct contact can occur when bacteria that are present on the skin of the cattle such as excrement and mud which can contaminate the meat during the slaughtering process. Whereas, indirect contact could occur when the hands, tools and equipment that are used to slaughter the cattle contains bacteria which will then infect the meat (FSA, 2002).How was the uncooked meat handled?For proper handling of raw beef, place them in a sealed disposable plastic bag. You can either freeze it at -17.8C so as to keep it longer (about 6 to 12 months)or refrigerate at 4.4C but have to consume it within 3 to 5 days (Safety, 2015). The reason why the meat is to be kept at cold temperatures is because this is to inhibit bacterial growth.Time, temperature and conditions of marinating and cooking the meat?First, the raw steak is mari nated with herbs and spices which will introduce additional microbial hazard such asspore forming bacteria to the meat. Thus, for safe marinating procedures, do not marinate at room temperature as most bacteria are able to grow quickly. Instead, marinate the meat in a cold environment so as to avoid entering the danger zone, which is between 4C and 60C. For beef steak, the approximate time taken to marinate would be 2 to 4 hours (Stradley, 2014).For safe cooking of steak, cook them at a minimum internal temperature of 62.8C for about 4 5 minutes per side and allow the meat to rest for at least 3 minutes before eating. This is done to kill off most of the bacteria that qualification be present on the meat. However, do not cook the steak partially as this does not destroy most of the bacteria and might multiply (USDA, 2015).Time and temperature of the drying process?I would suggest drying the marinated steak strips using an oven at 75C as there is a constant circulation of dry air a nd heat source. The temperature is important in drying this snack food because gentle heatingwill not be sufficient as this does not ensure that any bacteria that might still be present on the meat prior to cooking are killed (USDA, 2015).For example, bacteria such as Bacillus flavother musThave a maximum temperature cardinal value of 72C and if the meat is cooked to the temperature of 60C, the bacteria will still be able to survive (Todar, 2008 2012).Thus, they will continue to multiply in results and colonize the meat.Storage of final dried meat product? How long is the meat product stock certificated?Always ensure to store dried meat in a vacuum packaging as this will minimize oxygen levels which inhibit the growth of aerobic bacteria. It also helps to trim back the oxidation of the meat which will result in meat spoilage. These will extent the shelf life of the snack food (Anon., 2012).A sealed dried meat product can be stored to a period of 12 months. However, if the dried meat product is made from home, then it can only be kept for about 1 to 2 months (USDA, 2013).Is water activity taken into consideration?Water is a requirement for bacteria growth, thus, it must be removed so as to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. It can be reduced by the drying process and the addition of salt to preserve the meat. How the salt works is that it would realise all the water on the meat by the process called osmosis (Martin R. Adams and Maurice O. Moss, 2008).Are there hygiene practices done in the preparation of the dried snack food?To prevent cross-contamination, good hygiene practices and procedures are required in regards to handling the snack food. Food handlers should always wash their hands thoroughly with surfactants such as soap before and after handling with meat products. Always clean and disinfect all utensils, equipment and work surfaces before the preparation of the meat product. And do not mix raw and cooked food. Instead, incorporate the use of separate working and storage areas of raw, cooked and dried meat products (FSA, 2015).c) I would suggest the use of aerobic plate look at and immunomagnetic separation to test the presence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia.coli O157In aerobic plate count, dilutions of the food sample are carried out and are then plated onto agar plates which contain fit growth nutrients to favor the growth of microorganisms. The plates are then incubated at temperatures that bacteria can grow. After the incubation period, the total numbers of bacterial colonies arecounted therefore, the total number of viable cells can be estimated (Hayes, 1995).Thelevels of Aerobic Colony Count (ACC) are used as a guidance to determine if the food product is safe for consumption (Agency, 2009). For example, if the Aerobic Colony Count (ACC) levels of bacteria have exceeded the expected level, the product cannot be consumed.For Salmonella spp., the infectious dose is normally 105 organisms, which is quite a big n umber. Whereas, as for Escherichia.coli O157, the infectious dose isless than 50 organisms (Inc., 2004).For Escherichia.coli O157 and Salmonella, Immunomagnetic separation is used as the gold standard to detect and isolate the bacteria as it is particular proposition and sensitive. Then targeted organism is then isolated which will undergo serotyping for characterization (Inc, 2004).According to the guidelines for the microbiological safety of ready-to-eat foods, they are to be cooked and processed properly, especially with the addition of herbs and spices. It also includes bacteria that can possibly be from the source of poor hygiene. Lastly, tests on ready-to-eat foods are required so that food products which are not in configuration with the microbiological food safety criteria can be identified to protect public health (Agency, 2009).ReferencesAgency, H. P., 2009. Guidelines for Assessing the Microbiological Safety of Ready-to-Eat Foods Placed on the Market. Online getable at https//www.gov.uk/ regime/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/363146/Guidelines_for_assessing_the_microbiological_safety_of_ready-to-eat_foods_on_the_market.pdfAnon., 2012. Vacuum Packaging of Food Products. 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